Sunday, December 29, 2019

AP Chemistry Scores - Learn What You Need for College

Fewer students take AP Chemistry than AP Biology, Physics, or Calculus. Nevertheless, the course is an excellent choice for students interested in pursuing a STEM field in college, or for students who want to demonstrate to college admissions officers that they pushed themselves to take challenging courses in high school. Most colleges and universities have a science and lab requirement, so a high score on the AP Chemistry exam will sometimes fulfill these requirements. About the AP Chemistry Course and Exam AP Chemistry is designed to cover the material that a student would typically encounter in an introductory chemistry course taken in the first year of college. The course will sometimes fulfill a science requirement, laboratory requirement, or place a student into the second semester of a chemistry sequence. AP Chemistry is organized around six central ideas that allow students to understand and predict chemical interactions: Atoms. Students learn that the chemical elements are the building blocks of all matter, and that matter is defined by the arrangement of those atoms.Properties of Materials. This section examines the ways that the physical and chemical properties of materials are defined by the arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the forces between them.Changes in Matter. Students study the way that the rearrangement of atoms and transfer of electrons causes changes in matter.Reaction Rates. In this section, students study how the rate at which chemicals react is governed by the nature of the molecular collisions.Laws of Thermodynamics. Through a study of the laws of thermodynamics, students learn about the conservation of energy and how that relates to changes in matter.Equilibrium. Students learn that chemical reactions are reversible and can proceed in either direction. Chemical equilibrium results when opposing chemical processes occur at the same rate. Central to the course is the students ability to model phenomena, use mathematics to solve problems, pose and evaluate scientific questions, collect and analyze data, and make claims and predictions about chemical phenomena based on scientific models and theories. AP Chemistry Score Information The AP Chemistry exam was taken by 161,852 students in 2018. Only 90,398 of those students (55.9 percent) earned a score of 3 or higher indicating that they have a level of mastery sufficient for possibly earning college credit.   The mean score for the AP Chemistry exam was 2.80, and the scores were distributed as follows: AP Chemistry Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 21,624 13.4 4 28,489 17.6 3 40,285 24.9 2 38,078 23.5 1 33,376 20.6 If your score is on the low end of the scale, realize that you dont need to report it to colleges. Unlike the SAT and ACT, AP exam scores are typically self-reported and not required. Course Credit and Placement for AP Chemistry The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general picture of the way that selective colleges view the AP Chemistry exam. Youll see that all the schools do offer credit for a strong score on the chemistry exam,  even if just general credits with no placement—AP Chemistry is one of the more widely-accepted exams. Note that all of the private institutions require at least a 4 on the exam to earn credit while all the public institutions except for Georgia Tech will accept a 3. Keep in mind that AP placement data changes frequently, so be sure to check with a colleges Registrar to get the most up-to-date information. AP Chemistry Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 5 CHEM 1310 (4 semester hours) Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; CHM 129 Hamilton College 4 or 5 1 credit after completing CHEM 125 and/or 190 LSU 3, 4 or 5 CHEM 1201, 1202 (6 credits) for a 3; CHEM 1421, 1422 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 MIT - no credit or placement for AP Chemistry Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 CH 1213 (3 credits) for a 3; CH 1213 and CH 1223 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 4 or 5 Chemistry 10101 (3 credits) for a 4; Chemistry 10171 (4 credits) for a 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; no placement Stanford University 5 CHEM 33; 4 quarter units Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 CHEM 100 Chemistry (4 credits) for a 3; CHEM 120 Chemical Principles I (5 credits) for a 4 or 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and Introductory CHEM for a 3; 8 credits and General CHEM for a 4 or 5 Yale University 5 1 credit; CHEM 112a, 113b, 114a, 115b A Final Word on AP Chemistry Course credit and placement arent the only reasons to take AP Chemistry. When applying to colleges, a strong academic record will be the most important part of your application. Colleges want to see that you have succeeded in the most challenging courses available to you, and AP, IB, and Honors all play an important role on this front. Doing well in Advanced Placement classes (and AP exams) is a far better predictor of future college success than standardized tests such as the SAT or ACT. To learn more specific information about the AP Chemistry exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Political Continuities Of The State Of Texas - 1040 Words

Brandon Salazar Dr. Maria Reyes PSCI 2306-212 23 April 2017 Political Subcultures Residing in Texas In the United States, there are 3 different political subcultures. These three different political subcultures that make the United States what it is are the individualistic, moralistic and the traditionalistic subcultures. In the great state of Texas, the most common political subculture would have to be a mix between the traditionalistic and the individualistic subculture. In the individualistic subculture, there are many ways that it can differ from that of the moralistic and the traditionalistic subcultures. The way that people can differentiate them is by knowing the characteristics of each of them. In the individualistic subcultures,†¦show more content†¦In the moralistic subculture, it is the more towards the benefits of all the citizens, rather than the individualistic which only benefits the specific person who is doing the dirty deeds. Whilst the individualistic subculture focuses more on a singular person the moralistic subculture focuses more on the prosperity of a population. In this subculture politics is seen to be a responsibility to all the people because they believe it is a higher calling. The last of the 3 political subcultures would be the traditionalistic subculture. The traditionalistic subculture is seen to be the middle ground between the individualistic and moralistic subculture. This means that it has parts of both. Th e traditionalistic subculture has bits and pieces from each in the sense that politicians that are born into politics have a moral obligation to govern. While being in the traditionalistic subculture also means that people are not obligated to be in politics, let alone vote. In Texas, there are many ways that people perceive it, and this causes a wide variety of diversity in the state. This can be said for Texas because of this past election. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Pythagorean Philosophy And Its Influence On Musica Essay Paper Example For Students

Pythagorean Philosophy And Its Influence On Musica Essay Paper l Instrumentationand Compositionby Michael AndersonPhilosophy 101Music is the harmonization of opposites, the unificationof disparate things, and the conciliation of warring elements Music is the basis of agreement among things in nature and of thebest government in the universe. As a rule it assumes the guiseof harmony in the universe, of lawful government in a state, andof a sensible way of life in the home. It brings together andunites. The PythagoreansEvery school student will recognize his name as theoriginator of that theorem which offers many cheerful facts aboutthe square on the hypotenuse. Many European philosophers willcall him the father of philosophy. Many scientists will call himthe father of science. To musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras isthe father of music. According to Johnston, it was a much toldstory that one day the young Pythagoras was passing ablacksmiths shop and his ear was caught by the regularintervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that thehammers were of different weights, it occured to him that theintervals might be related to those weights. Pythagoras wascorrect. Pythagorean philosophy maintained that all things arenu mbers. Based on the belief that numbers were the buildingblocks of everything, Pythagoras began linking numbers and music. Revolutionizing music, Pythagoras findings generated theoremsand standards for musical scales, relationships, instruments, andcreative formation. Musical scales became defined, andtaught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to deviceconstruction. Composers developed new attitudes of compositionthat encompassed a foundation of numeric value in addition tomelody. All three approaches were based on Pythagoreanphilosophy. Thus, Pythagoras relationship between numbers andmusic had a profound influence on future musical education,instrumentation, and composition. The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potentialorder to the chaos of music. Pythagoras began subdividingdifferent intervals and pitches into distinct notes. Mathematicallyhe divided intervals into wholes, thirds, andhalves. Four distinct musical ratios were discovered: the tone,its fourth, its fifth, and its octave. (Johnston, 1989). Fromthese ratios the Pythagorean scale was introduced. This scalerevolutionized music. Pythagorean relationships of ratios heldtrue for any initial pitch. This discovery, in turn, reformedmusical education. With the standardization of music, musicalcreativity could be recorded, taught, and reproduced. (Rowell,1983). Modern day finger exercises, such as the Hanons, areneither based on melody or creativity. They are simply based onthe Pythagorean scale, and are executed from various initialpitches. Creating a foundation for musical representation, worksbecame recordable. From the Pythagorean scale and simplemathematical calculations, different scales or modes weredeveloped. The Dorian, Lydian, Locrian, and Ecclesiasticalmodes were all developed from the foundation of Pythagoras.(Johnston, 1989). The basic foun dations of musicaleducation are based on the various modes of scalarrelationships. (Ferrara, 1991). Pythagoras discoveries createda starting point for structured music. From this, diverseeducational schemes were created upon basic themes. Pythagorasand his mathematics created the foundation for musical educationas it is now known. According to Rowell, Pythagoras began his experimentsdemonstrating the tones of bells of different sizes. Bells ofvariant size produce different harmonic ratios. (Ferrara, 1991). Analyzing the different ratios, Pythagoras began definingdifferent musical pitches based on bell diameter, and density. Based on Pythagorean harmonic relationships, and Pythagoreangeometry, bell-makers began constructing bells with the principalpitch prime tone, and hum tones consisting of a fourth, a fifth,and the octave. (Johnston, 1989). Ironically or coincidentally,these tones were all members of the Pythagorean scale. Inaddition, Pythagoras initiated comparable experimentation withpipes of different lengths. Through this method of study heunearthed two astonishing inferences. When pipes of differentlengths were hammered, they emitted different pitches, andwhen air was passed through these pipes respectively, alikeresults were attained. This sparked a revolution in theconstruction of melodic percussive instruments, as well as thewind instruments. Similarly, Pythagoras studied strings ofdifferent thickness stretched over altered lengths, and foundanother instance of numeric, musical correspondence. Hediscovered the initial length generated the strings primary tone,while dissecting the string in hal f yielded an octave, thirdsproduced a fifth, quarters produced a fourth, and fifths produceda third. The circumstances around Pythagoras discovery inrelation to strings and their resonance is astounding, and thesecatalyzed the production of stringed instruments. (Benade,1976). In a way, music is lucky that Pythagoras attitude toexperimentation was as it was. His insight was indeed correct,and the realms of instrumentation would never be the same again. .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .postImageUrl , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:hover , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:visited , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:active { border:0!important; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:active , .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2 .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7f24f9bc8372970410f8e45d1a1d6c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 5 Most Influential People In American History EssayFurthermore, many composers adapted a mathematical modelfor music. According to Rowell, Schillinger, a famous composer,and musical teacher of Gershwin, suggested an array of proceduresfor deriving new scales, rhythms, and structures by applyingvarious mathematical transformations and permutations. Hisapproach was enormously popular, and widely respected. Theinfluence comes from a Pythagoreanism. Wherever this system hasbeen successfully used, it has been by composers who werealready well trained enough to distinguish the musical results.In 1804, Ludwig van Beethoven began growing deaf. He had beguncomposing at age seven an d would compose another twenty-fiveyears after his impairment took full effect. Creating music in astate of inaudibility, Beethoven had to rely on the relationshipsbetween pitches to produce his music. Composers, such asBeethoven, could rely on the structured musical relationshipsthat instructed their creativity. (Ferrara, 1991). WithoutPythagorean musical structure, Beethoven could not have createdmany of his astounding compositions, and would have failed toestablish himself as one of the two greatest musicians of alltime. Speaking of the greatest musicians of all time, perhapsanother name comes to mind, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart isclearly the greatest musician who ever lived. (Ferrara, 1991). Mozart composed within the arena of his own mind. When he spoketo musicians in his orchestra, he spoke in relationship terms ofthirds, fourths and fifths, and many others. Within deepanalysis of Mozarts music, musical scholars have discovereddistinct similarities within his composition technique. According to Rowell, initially within a Mozart composition,Mozart introduces a primary melodic theme. He then reproducesthat melody in a different pitch using mathematicaltransposition. After this, a second melodic theme is created. Returning to the initial theme, Mozart spirals the melody througha number of pitch changes, and returns the listener to theoriginal pitch that began their journey. Mozarts comprehensionof mathematics and melody is inequitable to other composers. This is clearly evident in one of his most famous works, hissymphony number forty in G-minor (Ferrara, 1991). Without thestructure of musical relationship these aforementioned musicianscould not have achieved their musical aspirations. Pythagoreantheories created the basis for their musical endeavours. Mathematical music would not have been produced without thesetheories. Without audibility, consequently, music has no value,unless the relationship between written and performed music is soclearly defined, that it achieves a new sense of mentalaudibility to the Pythagorean skilled listener.. As clearly stated above, Pythagoras correlation betweenmusic and numbers influenced musical members in every aspect ofmusical creation. His conceptualization and experimentationmolded modern musical practices, instruments, and music itselfinto what it is today. What Pathagoras found so wonderful wasthat his elegant, abstract train of thought produced somethingthat people everywhere already knew to be aesthetically pleasing. Ultimately music is how our brains intrepret the arithmetic, orthe sounds, or the nerve impulses and how our interpretationmatches what the performers, instrument makers, andcomposers thought they were doing during their respectivecreation. Pythagoras simply mathematized a foundation for theseoccurances. He had discovered a connection between arithmeticand aesthetics, between the natural world and the human soul. Perhaps the same unifying principle could be applied elsewhere;and where better to try then with the puzzle of the heavensthemselves. (Ferrara, 1983). BibliographyBenade, Arthur H.(1976). Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. NewYork: Dover PublicationsFerrara, Lawrence (1991). Philosophy and the Analysis of Music. New York: Greenwood Press. Johnston, Ian (1989). Measured Tones. New York: IOPPublishing. Rowell, Lewis (1983). Thinking About Music. Amhurst: TheUniversity of Massachusetts Press.